A clear illustration is Daryao v. State of U.P. (1961, Supreme Court of India). In the prior round, the same petitioners filed writ petitions in the Allahabad High Court challenging consolidation proceedings; the parties were identical, the issue directly and substantially in question was the validity of those proceedings, and the High Court—a competent court—finally decided the matter on merits by dismissing the petitions after hearing both sides. The petitioners then approached the Supreme Court under Article 32 raising the same cause and issues. Step by step, the Supreme Court verified (1) identity of parties and title, (2) identity of the issue/cause, (3) competence of the High Court in rendering the earlier decision, and (4) finality on merits. Finding all elements satisfied and no exception (such as lack of jurisdiction or fraud), the Court applied Res Judicata and barred the second round, underscoring that finality of judgments prevents repetitive litigation and safeguards judicial efficiency.
