The principles of Res Judicata and Estoppel differ in both scope and application, though both aim to prevent abuse of the judicial process. Res Judicata is a procedural rule that bars re-litigation of a matter once it has been conclusively decided by a competent court. It applies when the same parties attempt to reopen the same cause of action or issue, ensuring finality of judgments and judicial efficiency. Estoppel, on the other hand, is a substantive rule of evidence that prevents a party from denying or contradicting their previous statements, actions, or representations when another party has relied upon them. Courts apply Res Judicata in situations where a prior judgment already exists on the same issue, while Estoppel is applied when a party seeks to backtrack on earlier conduct or admissions that influenced another’s position. In short, Res Judicata protects the sanctity of judgments, whereas Estoppel enforces consistency in conduct and prevents unfair advantage.
