Courts determine whether multiple claims arise from one or several causes of action by analyzing the essential facts that constitute each claim and assessing their interdependence. According to the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Order II Rule 2 CPC, if the material facts, underlying transactions, or legal rights asserted are so interlinked that the evidence required to prove them overlaps, they are treated as one cause of action; if the facts give rise to distinct legal obligations or separate remedies, they amount to multiple causes. The Sonic Surgical v. National Insurance Co. Ltd. judgment emphasized that a cause of action is a bundle of facts establishing the plaintiff’s right and its violation. Lawyers should therefore analyze all factual components—contracts, breaches, damages, and reliefs—before filing, ensuring every claim stemming from the same factual foundation is consolidated in a single plaint. Step‑by‑step precision involves mapping the cause elements, correlating them with relevant legal provisions, verifying that no relief is omitted, and structuring pleadings chronologically to form one complete and unified claim.
